Community Participation in Slum Upgrading Programme

Community Participation in Slum Upgrading Programme
A Case Study in Surabaya, East Java

Andarita Rolalisasi, ST
Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements
Department of Architecture
Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Surabaya - Indonesia
Email: andarita.rolalisasi@gmail.com, rolalisasi@yahoo.com

The paper available in CIB Publication ISBN: 978-90-6363-056-0, Rotterdam, 2007 and presented at Meeting and Conference on Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing, Semarang 22-23 January 2007.


ABSTRACT

According to Revised of Surabaya Master plan 2004, slum areas are found in 23 sub districts of 162 sub-districts in Surabaya. Surabaya government have been implemented many programs of slum upgrading such as C-KIP (Comprehensive-Kampung Improvement Program), Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area (Rehabilitasi Sosial Daerah Kumuh = RSDK), etc. In fact, the slum areas are not decrease significantly because lack of community involvement in the beginning of the program. This is a crucial time to them to propose the suitable programs. This paper would explain how the community participation in settlement upgrading programs for alleviating poverty in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Keyword: community participation, slum, upgrading program

SURABAYA IN GENERAL
Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Province, Indonesia that is the second biggest city in Indonesia after Jakarta which the area is 326.37 square kilometres or 1.7% of total area of Indonesia.
According to Revised of Surabaya Master plan 2004, slum areas are found in 23 sub districts of 162 sub-districts in Surabaya. Surabaya government have been implemented many programs of slum upgrading such as C-KIP (Comprehensive-Kampung Improvement Program), Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area (Rehabilitasi Sosial Daerah Kumuh = RSDK), etc.


TANJUNGSARI SUB DISTRICT IN GENERAL
Population of Tanjungsari sub district, part of Sukomanunggal district, is about of 12,142 people or 3,235 households (source: Monografi of Tanjungsari district 2006). While resident occupying area alongside train rail is about of 200 households. They occupied the land illegally. The land was a rice field owned by some people that they had sold it without know the real border of the land. So there were rest of land which now occupied by dweller. After passed the long process since 2002 – 2004, they became legal owner of the land, after buy it from the real owner.
The area alongside the train rail without clean water and telephone connection. Households using brick walls for their living quarter reach 70% with minimum ventilation. Others houses constructed of wood. Most of the inhabitants is an informal sector workers such as a food seller, stall trader, fabric labor, becak driver, construction labor, etc.

UNACCEPTABLE LIVING CONDITION
They have no basic municipal services, such as; water, sanitation, waste collection, drainage, street lighting, roads for emergency access, also they have no places for the community to meet and socialize. The high density area worst in fire, the vehicle of fire difficult to reach the area since there is no emergency access. The house has minimum lighting and natural ventilation. This condition affect the health of the inhabitant so they often get the disease such as dysentery, diarrhea, etc.
The other problem is that they are living in the dangerous area. They are only 7 meters away from the rail ace, and dissociated by alley 1.5 meters. There are no environment programs established in this area to achieve better living condition since this area is recognized as slum area. Furthermore, the community are lack of educations to live in the better ways such as the knowledge of cleanliness, healthy life, etc.


NEED FOR SLUM UPGRADING
Many people are involved in the community’s activities. Communities seeking to empower themselves can build active participation by welcoming it, creating valuable roles for each person, actively reaching out to build inclusive participation, and creating and supporting meaningful volunteer opportunities. (J. Norman Reid, 2000, Community Participation; How People Brings Sustainable Benefits to Communities)
The slum upgrading program can be divided into three aspects, there are improving of human resources, social welfare, and quality of environment. The program can meet the aim if supported by all stakeholders. The stakeholders involved are community, education institution, government, NGO, and private sector. It is very crucial to know the community needs. It is also necessary to the community to obtain technical assistance at the beginning of the program to formulate their specific needs.
The informal settlement is mostly inhabited by migrants, who live there to live closer to their workplace. Children often affected by diseases from environmental deterioration and they lived at high density area with bad living environment.
Slum upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, and environmental improvements that are done in partnership with citizens, community groups, businesses, and local authorities. These improvements often focus on introducing or improving basic service provision, mitigating environmental hazards, regularizing security of tenure, providing incentives for community management and maintenance, and improving access to health care and education.
Regarding the informal income generation sector, for a poor family in a slum, their home is a productive asset – it is a workplace and warehouses. So their home should productive for themselves.
According to field research data, the slum upgrading development program suitable to potencies and their own problem. The goals of program are:
•Community empowerment to strengthened initiative, creativity, and independency in the implementation of development programs.
•Comprehensive development that are physically aspect, facilities and basic facilities, and community social economic condition to raise quality of settlement environment.
•Improving ability of effort in order to development of income generation of which support local economy.
There are about 200 households or about 15% of population of Tanjungsari lives alongside the train rail. Although there are several slum upgrading programs implemented in this sub-district before 2004, i.e. Social Rehabilitation of Slum Area Program and improving quality of settlement environment program, unfortunately the programs cannot be implemented in the train rail area since the inhabitants are categorized as illegal community.
In 2005 the improving of settlement environment program implemented in Tanjungsari sub-district including the alongside train rail area. Based on the settlement physical condition, they still need to improve the housing quality to fulfil standard requirement, to improve the environment, and increase their income generation.

PROPOSAL FOR UPGRADING WITH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
After many programs have been implemented for low income urban settlements it can be noted that the program will not be successful without support from the community and their participation to improve their living condition. It’s also important to make the program more comprehensive regarding both physical and non-physical aspects such as social economic conditions.

The recommendation as below cannot be implemented without agreement of the community. Therefore there is a need for the community participation. Base on the analyses made, there are several recommendations for better living conditions of Tanjungsari, as described below:
A. The components of slum upgrading are:
1.Improvement of human resources and community empowerment such as the foundation management training, the skill training, etc.
2.Establish and strengthen the kampong foundation that for manage of program in the community.
3.Improvement of small and medium scale business which opening opportunity in order to raise level society such as small and medium scale business training and provided grant for the business.
4.Housing improvement that to improve quality of the house and land tenure.
5.Physical environment improvement that improving the overall environmental quality of the respective kampong.
6.Greenery and environmental cleanness that supplying and planting family medicine plants and greenery trees to restrain pollution and waste family.

B. The processes of slum upgrading divided in to fourth phases are:
1.The preparation phase
2.The planning phase
3.The implementation phase
4.The monitoring and evaluation phase

The components of preparation phase are:
1.Program socialization; the community should know well about the program and then they involve since beginning. This activity should attend by all element of inhabitant.
2.Self community mapping, to find physically and non physically condition that related the settlement standard and the community custom.
3.Verification of poor family data needed to validation the existing data of government with the community.
4.Establishing and strengthen Yayasan Kampung (Kampung Foundation) for manage the program

The second phase is planning of program. The aim of the phase is to know the direction of development, who will do it, and what will they do for the growth of them. The components of phase are:
1.Priority program proposal, which cover all program proposal of community, and compile by priority in short term (2 year) and middle term (5 year)
2.Planning program that the detail of program will do. This planning have mentioned to arrange location situation, activity types, amount of activity need, quality standard and requirement of activity ( from government/ local institution), execution duration and return (business activity).
3.Resource support, covering materials (made locally), energy (skillful local) and fund (also loan guarantee if needed).
4.Program implementation scheme which are preparation of location, who'll group implemented, managing, observing and responsibilities (including certainty of the payment of loan).

The third phase is implementation of program which are:
1. Implementation of program as has been planned.
•Improvement of human resources and community empowerment
•Improvement of small and medium scale business
•Housing improvement
•Physical environment improvement
•Greenery and environmental cleanness
2. Technical assistant of program
The last is monitoring and evaluation of program which are:
•Monitoring of program
•Evaluation of program to be better program in the next.

References
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